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    <h1 id="SECTION.86c3dee9-f3e9-4578-a830-33b17289c187">Сферична координатна система</h1>
    <p class="s4s-empty-paragraph"/>
    <p>Сферичната координатна система в пространството се определя от равнината <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>π</mi></math>, в която е избрана насочената полуос <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mrow><mover><mrow><mi>p</mi></mrow><mo>→</mo></mover></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub></math> с начална точка  <em>S</em> посока на въртене, обратна на часовниковата стрелка, и от насочената полуос  <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mover><mrow><mi>p</mi></mrow><mo>→</mo></mover><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math> с начална точка  <em>S</em> и перпендикулярна на  <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>π</mi></math>. </p>
    <p>Във сферичната координатна система <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>S</mi><mn>,</mn><mspace width="2mm" height="2mm"/><mi>ρ</mi><mn>,</mn><mspace width="2mm" height="2mm"/><mi>ϕ</mi><mn>,</mn><mspace width="2mm" height="2mm"/><mi>ζ</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></math> всяка точка <em>M</em> в пространството, която на лежи на правата   <em>p</em>, съвпадаща с полуоста <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mover><mrow><mi>p</mi></mrow><mo>→</mo></mover><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math>, може да бъде съпоставена еднозначно тройка от реални числа <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>ρ</mi><mn>,</mn><mspace width="2mm" height="2mm"/><mi>ϕ</mi></math> и <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>ζ</mi></math>, с ясна геометрична интерпретация</p>
    <p class="s4s-empty-paragraph"> </p>
    <p class="s4s-empty-paragraph"> </p>
    <div class="s4s-table-center">
      <table class="s4s-figure">
        <tbody>
          <tr>
            <td align="center">
              <img width="415" src="coord4_bg_files/obr8.gif" alt="obr8"/>
            </td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="center" class="s4s-figure-numbered">
              <span class="s4s-figure-number">Фигура 1: </span>Сферична координатна система</td>
          </tr>
        </tbody>
      </table>
    </div>
    <p class="s4s-empty-paragraph"/>
    <ol>
      <li>
        <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
          <mi>ρ</mi>
          <mo>=</mo>
          <mrow>
            <mo>|</mo>
            <mi>S</mi>
            <mi>M</mi>
            <mo>|</mo>
          </mrow>
        </math>, така че <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>ρ</mi></math> е разстоянието между точките <em>M</em> и <em>S</em></li>
      <li>
        <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
          <mi>ϕ</mi>
          <mo>=</mo>
          <mrow>
            <mo>|</mo>
            <mo>∢</mo>
            <mrow>
              <mo>(</mo>
              <msub>
                <mover>
                  <mrow>
                    <mi>p</mi>
                  </mrow>
                  <mo>→</mo>
                </mover>
                <mrow>
                  <mn>1</mn>
                </mrow>
              </msub>
              <mn>,</mn>
              <mspace width="mediummathspace" height="0.2em"/>
              <mover>
                <mrow>
                  <mi>S</mi>
                  <msub>
                    <mi>M</mi>
                    <mrow>
                      <mn>1</mn>
                    </mrow>
                  </msub>
                </mrow>
                <mo>→</mo>
              </mover>
              <mo>)</mo>
            </mrow>
            <mo>|</mo>
          </mrow>
        </math>, така че <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>ϕ</mi></math> е големината на ориентирания ъгъл с връх в точката <em>S</em>, първото рамо е образувано от полуоста  <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mover><mrow><msub><mi>p</mi><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub></mrow><mo>→</mo></mover></math>, а второто от полуоста <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mrow><mover><mrow><mi>S</mi><mi>M</mi></mrow><mo>→</mo></mover></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub></math>, където <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mrow><mi>M</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub></math> е ортогоналната проекция на  <em>M</em> в равнината <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>π</mi></math></li>
      <li>
        <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
          <mi>ζ</mi>
          <mo>=</mo>
          <mrow>
            <mo>|</mo>
            <mo>∢</mo>
            <mrow>
              <mo>(</mo>
              <msub>
                <mover>
                  <mrow>
                    <mi>p</mi>
                  </mrow>
                  <mo>→</mo>
                </mover>
                <mrow>
                  <mn>2</mn>
                </mrow>
              </msub>
              <mn>,</mn>
              <mspace width="2mm" height="2mm"/>
              <mover>
                <mrow>
                  <mi>S</mi>
                  <mi>M</mi>
                </mrow>
                <mo>→</mo>
              </mover>
              <mo>)</mo>
            </mrow>
            <mo>|</mo>
          </mrow>
        </math>, така че <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>ζ</mi><mspace width="2mm" height="2mm"/></math>е големината на ъгъла, образуван от <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mover><mrow><msub><mi>p</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></mrow><mo>→</mo></mover></math> и <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mover><mrow><mi>S</mi><mi>M</mi></mrow><mo>→</mo></mover></math>.</li>
    </ol>
    <p class="s4s-empty-paragraph"/>
    <p>Наредената тройка от реални числа <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>ρ</mi><mn>,</mn><mi>ϕ</mi><mn>,</mn><mi>ζ</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></math> образува сферичните координати на  <em>M</em>, за които е в сила <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>ρ</mi><mo>∈</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>0,</mn><mo>∞</mo><mo>)</mo></mrow></math>, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>ϕ</mi><mo>∈</mo><mrow><mo>[</mo><mn>0,</mn><mspace width="2mm" height="2mm"/><mn>2</mn><mi>π</mi><mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math>, или <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>ϕ</mi><mo>∈</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mo>−</mo><mi>π</mi><mn>,</mn><mi>π</mi><mrow><mo>]</mo></mrow><mn>,</mn><mspace width="2mm" height="2mm"/><mi>ζ</mi><mo>∈</mo><mrow><mo>[</mo><mn>0,</mn><mi>π</mi><mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></mrow></math>. </p>
    <p class="s4s-empty-paragraph"/>
    <p>Ако точката <em>M</em> лежи на правата <em>p,</em> то нейните сферични координати се изразяват чрез тройката </p>
    <table width="95%" class="s4s-eq">
      <tbody>
        <tr>
          <td align="center">
            <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block">
              <mrow>
                <mo>(</mo>
                <mi>ρ</mi>
                <mn>,</mn>
                <mi>ϕ</mi>
                <mn>,</mn>
                <mi>ζ</mi>
                <mo>)</mo>
              </mrow>
            </math>
          </td>
        </tr>
      </tbody>
    </table>
    <p class="s4s-noindent">където <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>ϕ</mi></math> е произволно число, а <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>ζ</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn></math> за точките  <em>M</em> лежащи на полуоста  <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mover><mrow><msub><mi>p</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></mrow><mo>→</mo></mover></math> , като <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>ζ</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>π</mi></math> в противния случай.</p>
    <p class="s4s-empty-paragraph"/>
    <p class="s4s-empty-paragraph"> </p>
    <div class="s4s-table-center">
      <table class="s4s-figure">
        <tbody>
          <tr>
            <td align="center">
              <img src="coord4_bg_files/obr9.gif" alt="obr9"/>
            </td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="center" class="s4s-figure-numbered">
              <span class="s4s-figure-number">Фигура 2: </span>Връзка между сферични и декартови координати</td>
          </tr>
        </tbody>
      </table>
    </div>
    <p class="s4s-empty-paragraph"/>
    <p>Сферичната координатна система <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>S</mi><mn>,</mn><mspace width="2mm" height="2mm"/><mi>ρ</mi><mn>,</mn><mspace width="2mm" height="2mm"/><mi>ϕ</mi><mn>,</mn><mspace width="2mm" height="2mm"/><mi>ζ</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></math> е свързане (conjugate) с Декартовата правоъгълна координатна система <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>O</mi><mn>,</mn><mspace width="2mm" height="2mm"/><mi>x</mi><mn>,</mn><mspace width="2mm" height="2mm"/><mi>y</mi><mn>,</mn><mspace width="2mm" height="2mm"/><mi>z</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></math> в пространството, тогава и само тогава, когато</p>
    <p class="s4s-empty-paragraph"> </p>
    <ol>
      <li>равнината <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>π</mi></math>, определяща сферичната координатна система <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>(</mo><mi>S</mi><mn>,</mn><mspace width="2mm" height="2mm"/><mi>ρ</mi><mn>,</mn><mspace width="2mm" height="2mm"/><mi>ϕ</mi><mn>,</mn><mspace width="2mm" height="2mm"/><mi>ζ</mi><mo>)</mo></math>, се слива с равнината  <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>x</mi><mi>y</mi><mspace width="2mm" height="2mm"/></math>на Декартовата координатна система <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>O</mi><mn>,</mn><mspace width="2mm" height="2mm"/><mi>x</mi><mn>,</mn><mspace width="2mm" height="2mm"/><mi>y</mi><mn>,</mn><mspace width="2mm" height="2mm"/><mi>z</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></li>
      <li>точката <em>S</em> съвпада с върха  <em>O</em> aи ориентираната полуос <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mover><mrow><msub><mi>p</mi><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub></mrow><mo>→</mo></mover></math> съвпада с положителната част на оста <em>x</em></li>
      <li>ориентираната полуос <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mover><mrow><msub><mi>p</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></mrow><mo>→</mo></mover></math> съвпада с положителната част на оста <em>z</em>. </li>
    </ol>
    <p class="s4s-empty-paragraph"/>
    <p>Ако <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mn>,</mn><mspace width="2mm" height="2mm"/><mi>y</mi><mn>,</mn><mspace width="2mm" height="2mm"/><mi>z</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></math> са декартовите координати, а  <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>ρ</mi><mn>,</mn><mspace width="2mm" height="2mm"/><mi>ϕ</mi><mn>,</mn><mspace width="2mm" height="2mm"/><mi>ζ</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></math> са сферичните координати на точката <em>M</em>, нележаща на координатната ос <em>z</em>, то тяхната връзка може да се представи чрез следните уравнения </p>
    <table width="95%" class="s4s-eq">
      <tbody>
        <tr>
          <td align="center">
            <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block">
              <mi>x</mi>
              <mo>=</mo>
              <mrow>
                <mo>|</mo>
                <mi>S</mi>
                <msub>
                  <mrow>
                    <mi>M</mi>
                  </mrow>
                  <mrow>
                    <mn>1</mn>
                  </mrow>
                </msub>
                <mo>|</mo>
              </mrow>
              <mi>cos</mi>
              <mspace width="mediummathspace" height="0.2em"/>
              <mi>ϕ</mi>
            </math>
          </td>
        </tr>
      </tbody>
    </table>
    <table width="95%" class="s4s-eq">
      <tbody>
        <tr>
          <td align="center">
            <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block">
              <mi>y</mi>
              <mo>=</mo>
              <mrow>
                <mo>|</mo>
                <mi>S</mi>
                <msub>
                  <mi>M</mi>
                  <mrow>
                    <mn>1</mn>
                  </mrow>
                </msub>
                <mo>|</mo>
              </mrow>
              <mi>sin</mi>
              <mspace width="mediummathspace" height="0.2em"/>
              <mi>ϕ</mi>
            </math>
          </td>
        </tr>
      </tbody>
    </table>
    <table width="95%" class="s4s-eq">
      <tbody>
        <tr>
          <td align="center">
            <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block">
              <mi>z</mi>
              <mo>=</mo>
              <mi>ρ</mi>
              <mi>cos</mi>
              <mspace width="mediummathspace" height="0.2em"/>
              <mi>ζ</mi>
            </math>
          </td>
        </tr>
      </tbody>
    </table>
    <p class="s4s-noindent">и тъй като <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow><mo>|</mo><mi>S</mi><msub><mi>M</mi><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub><mo>|</mo></mrow><mo>=</mo><mi>ρ</mi><mi>sin</mi><mspace width="2mm" height="2mm"/><mi>ζ</mi></math> , е в сила</p>
    <p class="s4s-empty-paragraph"/>
    <table width="95%" class="s4s-eq">
      <tbody>
        <tr>
          <td align="center">
            <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block">
              <mi>x</mi>
              <mo>=</mo>
              <mi>ρ</mi>
              <mi>cos</mi>
              <mspace width="mediummathspace" height="0.2em"/>
              <mi>ϕ</mi>
              <mspace width="mediummathspace" height="0.2em"/>
              <mi>sin</mi>
              <mspace width="mediummathspace" height="0.2em"/>
              <mi>ζ</mi>
            </math>
          </td>
        </tr>
      </tbody>
    </table>
    <table width="95%" class="s4s-eq">
      <tbody>
        <tr>
          <td align="center">
            <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block">
              <mi>y</mi>
              <mo>=</mo>
              <mi>ρ</mi>
              <mi>sin</mi>
              <mspace width="mediummathspace" height="0.2em"/>
              <mi>ϕ</mi>
              <mspace width="mediummathspace" height="0.2em"/>
              <mi>sin</mi>
              <mspace width="mediummathspace" height="0.2em"/>
              <mi>ζ</mi>
            </math>
          </td>
        </tr>
      </tbody>
    </table>
    <table width="95%" class="s4s-eq">
      <tbody>
        <tr>
          <td align="center">
            <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block">
              <mi>z</mi>
              <mo>=</mo>
              <mi>ρ</mi>
              <mi>cos</mi>
              <mspace width="mediummathspace" height="0.2em"/>
              <mi>ζ</mi>
            </math>
          </td>
        </tr>
      </tbody>
    </table>
    <p class="s4s-noindent">откъдето сферичните координати могат да бъдат изразени чрез</p>
    <table width="95%" class="s4s-eq">
      <tbody>
        <tr>
          <td align="center">
            <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block">
              <mi>ρ</mi>
              <mo>=</mo>
              <msqrt>
                <mrow>
                  <msup>
                    <mrow>
                      <mi>x</mi>
                    </mrow>
                    <mrow>
                      <mn>2</mn>
                    </mrow>
                  </msup>
                  <mo>+</mo>
                  <msup>
                    <mrow>
                      <mi>y</mi>
                    </mrow>
                    <mrow>
                      <mn>2</mn>
                    </mrow>
                  </msup>
                  <mo>+</mo>
                  <msup>
                    <mrow>
                      <mi>z</mi>
                    </mrow>
                    <mrow>
                      <mn>2</mn>
                    </mrow>
                  </msup>
                </mrow>
              </msqrt>
            </math>
          </td>
        </tr>
      </tbody>
    </table>
    <table width="95%" class="s4s-eq">
      <tbody>
        <tr>
          <td align="center">
            <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block">
              <mi>ϕ</mi>
              <mo>=</mo>
              <mi>arccos</mi>
              <mspace width="mediummathspace" height="0.2em"/>
              <mfrac>
                <mrow>
                  <mi>x</mi>
                </mrow>
                <mrow>
                  <msqrt>
                    <mrow>
                      <msup>
                        <mrow>
                          <mi>x</mi>
                        </mrow>
                        <mrow>
                          <mn>2</mn>
                        </mrow>
                      </msup>
                      <mo>+</mo>
                      <msup>
                        <mrow>
                          <mi>y</mi>
                        </mrow>
                        <mrow>
                          <mn>2</mn>
                        </mrow>
                      </msup>
                    </mrow>
                  </msqrt>
                </mrow>
              </mfrac>
              <mn>,</mn>
              <mspace width="2mm" height="2mm"/>
              <mi>y</mi>
              <mo>≧</mo>
              <mn>0</mn>
            </math>
          </td>
        </tr>
      </tbody>
    </table>
    <table width="95%" class="s4s-eq">
      <tbody>
        <tr>
          <td align="center">
            <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block">
              <mi>ϕ</mi>
              <mo>=</mo>
              <mn>2</mn>
              <mi>π</mi>
              <mo>−</mo>
              <mi>arccos</mi>
              <mspace width="mediummathspace" height="0.2em"/>
              <mfrac>
                <mrow>
                  <mi>x</mi>
                </mrow>
                <mrow>
                  <msqrt>
                    <mrow>
                      <msup>
                        <mrow>
                          <mi>x</mi>
                        </mrow>
                        <mrow>
                          <mn>2</mn>
                        </mrow>
                      </msup>
                      <mo>+</mo>
                      <msup>
                        <mrow>
                          <mi>y</mi>
                        </mrow>
                        <mrow>
                          <mn>2</mn>
                        </mrow>
                      </msup>
                    </mrow>
                  </msqrt>
                </mrow>
              </mfrac>
              <mn>,</mn>
              <mspace width="2mm" height="2mm"/>
              <mi>y</mi>
              <mo>&lt;</mo>
              <mn>0</mn>
            </math>
          </td>
        </tr>
      </tbody>
    </table>
    <table width="95%" class="s4s-eq">
      <tbody>
        <tr>
          <td align="center">
            <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block">
              <mi>ζ</mi>
              <mo>=</mo>
              <mi>arccos</mi>
              <mspace width="mediummathspace" height="0.2em"/>
              <mfrac>
                <mrow>
                  <mi>x</mi>
                </mrow>
                <mrow>
                  <msqrt>
                    <mrow>
                      <msup>
                        <mrow>
                          <mi>x</mi>
                        </mrow>
                        <mrow>
                          <mn>2</mn>
                        </mrow>
                      </msup>
                      <mo>+</mo>
                      <msup>
                        <mrow>
                          <mi>y</mi>
                        </mrow>
                        <mrow>
                          <mn>2</mn>
                        </mrow>
                      </msup>
                      <mo>+</mo>
                      <msup>
                        <mrow>
                          <mi>z</mi>
                        </mrow>
                        <mrow>
                          <mn>2</mn>
                        </mrow>
                      </msup>
                    </mrow>
                  </msqrt>
                </mrow>
              </mfrac>
            </math>
          </td>
        </tr>
      </tbody>
    </table>
    <p class="s4s-empty-paragraph"/>
    <p>Множеството от всички точки в пространството с константна първа сферична координата <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>ρ</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>a</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mn>0</mn></math> е сфера с център във върха на координатната система <em>S</em> и радиус <em>a</em>.</p>
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