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  <body style="margin: 50px;">
    <h1 id="SECTION.86c3dee9-f3e9-4578-a830-33b17289c187">Цилиндрична координатна система</h1>
    <p class="s4s-empty-paragraph"/>
    <p>Нека са дадени равнината <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>π</mi></math> и перпендикулярната права <em>p</em> като полярната координатна система <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>P</mi><mn>,</mn><mspace width="2mm" height="2mm"/><mover><mrow><mi>o</mi></mrow><mo>→</mo></mover><mn>,</mn><mspace width="2mm" height="2mm"/><mi>ϕ</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></math> е дефинирана в равнината <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>π</mi></math> така, че полюсът   <em>P</em> е в прободната точка на равнината <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>π</mi></math> и правата <em>p</em>. Равнината <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>π</mi></math> с полярната координатна система и координатната ос <em>p</em> с връх <em>P</em> образуват цилиндрична координатна система <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>P</mi><mn>,</mn><mspace width="2mm" height="2mm"/><mover><mrow><mi>o</mi></mrow><mo>→</mo></mover><mn>,</mn><mspace width="2mm" height="2mm"/><mi>ϕ</mi><mn>,</mn><mspace width="2mm" height="2mm"/><mi>p</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></math> в пространството.</p>
    <p class="s4s-empty-paragraph"/>
    <p>На всяка точка <em>M</em> в пространството може да бъде съпоставена наредена тройка от реални числа - нейните цилиндрични координати </p>
    <table width="95%" class="s4s-eq">
      <tbody>
        <tr>
          <td align="center">
            <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block">
              <mi>M</mi>
              <mo>=</mo>
              <mrow>
                <mo>(</mo>
                <mi>ρ</mi>
                <mn>,</mn>
                <mi>ϕ</mi>
                <mn>,</mn>
                <mi>z</mi>
                <mo>)</mo>
              </mrow>
            </math>
          </td>
        </tr>
      </tbody>
    </table>
    <p class="s4s-noindent">така, че</p>
    <p class="s4s-empty-paragraph"/>
    <ol>
      <li>
        <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
          <mi>ρ</mi>
          <mn>,</mn>
          <mspace width="2mm" height="2mm"/>
          <mi>ϕ</mi>
        </math> са полярните координати на проекцията <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mrow><mi>M</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub></math> на точката <em>M</em> в равнината <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>π</mi></math>, представени в полярната координатна система  <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>P</mi><mn>,</mn><mspace width="2mm" height="2mm"/><mover><mrow><mi>o</mi></mrow><mo>→</mo></mover><mn>,</mn><mspace width="2mm" height="2mm"/><mi>ϕ</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></math>,</li>
      <li>
        <em>z</em> е разстоянието от точка  <em>M</em> до равнината <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>π</mi><mspace width="2mm" height="2mm"/></math>и <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>ρ</mi><mo>∈</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>0,</mn><mo>∞</mo><mo>)</mo></mrow><mn>,</mn><mspace width="2mm" height="2mm"/><mi>ϕ</mi><mo>∈</mo><mrow><mo>[</mo><mn>0,</mn><mrow><mn>2</mn><mi>π</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math>, или <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>ϕ</mi><mo>∈</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mo>−</mo><mi>π</mi><mn>,</mn><mi>π</mi><mrow><mo>]</mo></mrow><mn>,</mn><mspace width="2mm" height="2mm"/><mi>z</mi><mo>∈</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mo>−</mo><mo>∞</mo><mn>,</mn><mo>∞</mo><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math>.</li>
    </ol>
    <p class="s4s-empty-paragraph"/>
    <div class="s4s-table-center">
      <table class="s4s-figure">
        <tbody>
          <tr>
            <td align="center">
              <img src="coord3_bg_files/obr6.gif" alt="obr6"/>
            </td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="center" class="s4s-figure-numbered">
              <span class="s4s-figure-number">Фигура 1: </span>Цилиндрична координатна система</td>
          </tr>
        </tbody>
      </table>
    </div>
    <p class="s4s-empty-paragraph"/>
    <p>Полюсът <em>P</em> е проекцията в равнината <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>π</mi></math> на всяка точка <em>M</em>, лежаща на оста <em>z</em>, следователно цилиндричните координати на всички точки върху оста <em>z</em> се представят чрез тройката <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>0,</mn><mi>ϕ</mi><mn>,</mn><mi>z</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></math>, където <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>ϕ</mi></math> е произволно число. </p>
    <p class="s4s-empty-paragraph"/>
    <p>Нека са дедени Декартовата координатна система <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>0,</mn><mspace width="2mm" height="2mm"/><mi>x</mi><mn>,</mn><mspace width="2mm" height="2mm"/><mi>y</mi><mn>,</mn><mspace width="2mm" height="2mm"/><mi>z</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></math> И цилиндричната координатна система <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>P</mi><mn>,</mn><mspace width="2mm" height="2mm"/><mover><mrow><mi>o</mi></mrow><mo>→</mo></mover><mn>,</mn><mspace width="2mm" height="2mm"/><mi>ϕ</mi><mn>,</mn><mspace width="2mm" height="2mm"/><mi>z</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></math>. Тези две координатни системи се наричат свързани (conjugate), тогава и само тогава, когато</p>
    <p class="s4s-empty-paragraph"> </p>
    <ol>
      <li>равнината <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>π</mi></math>, определяща цилиндричната координатна система <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>P</mi><mn>,</mn><mspace width="2mm" height="2mm"/><mover><mrow><mi>o</mi></mrow><mo>→</mo></mover><mn>,</mn><mspace width="2mm" height="2mm"/><mi>ϕ</mi><mn>,</mn><mspace width="2mm" height="2mm"/><mi>z</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></math> се слива с равнината <em>xy</em> от Декартовата правоъгълна координатна система <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>O</mi><mn>,</mn><mspace width="2mm" height="2mm"/><mi>x</mi><mn>,</mn><mspace width="2mm" height="2mm"/><mi>y</mi><mn>,</mn><mspace width="2mm" height="2mm"/><mi>z</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mspace width="2mm" height="2mm"/></math></li>
      <li>полярната координатна система <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>P</mi><mn>,</mn><mspace width="2mm" height="2mm"/><mover><mrow><mi>o</mi></mrow><mo>→</mo></mover><mn>,</mn><mspace width="2mm" height="2mm"/><mi>ϕ</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></math> и Декартовата правоъгълна координатна система <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>O</mi><mn>,</mn><mspace width="2mm" height="2mm"/><mi>x</mi><mn>,</mn><mspace width="2mm" height="2mm"/><mi>y</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></math> в равнината <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>π</mi></math> са свързани (conjugate) координатни системи </li>
      <li>оста <em>p</em> в цилиндричната  <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>P</mi><mn>,</mn><mspace width="2mm" height="2mm"/><mover><mrow><mi>o</mi></mrow><mo>→</mo></mover><mn>,</mn><mspace width="2mm" height="2mm"/><mi>ϕ</mi><mn>,</mn><mspace width="2mm" height="2mm"/><mi>p</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></math> съвпада с координатната ос <em>z</em> в Декартовата правоъгълна координатна система <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>O</mi><mn>,</mn><mspace width="2mm" height="2mm"/><mi>x</mi><mn>,</mn><mspace width="2mm" height="2mm"/><mi>y</mi><mn>,</mn><mspace width="2mm" height="2mm"/><mi>z</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></math>. </li>
    </ol>
    <p class="s4s-empty-paragraph"/>
    <p class="s4s-empty-paragraph"> </p>
    <p class="s4s-empty-paragraph"> </p>
    <div class="s4s-table-center">
      <table class="s4s-figure">
        <tbody>
          <tr>
            <td align="center">
              <img width="405" src="coord3_bg_files/obr7.gif" alt="obr7"/>
            </td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="center" class="s4s-figure-numbered">
              <span class="s4s-figure-number">Фигура 2: </span>Връзка между декартови и цилиндрични координати</td>
          </tr>
        </tbody>
      </table>
    </div>
    <p class="s4s-empty-paragraph"/>
    <p>Ако <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mn>,</mn><mi>y</mi><mn>,</mn><mi>z</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></math> са декартовите координати, а <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>ρ</mi><mn>,</mn><mi>ϕ</mi><mn>,</mn><mi>z</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></math> са цилиндричните координати на точка <em>M</em>, нележаща на оста <em>z</em>, то тяхната връзка може да бъде изразена чрез следните уравнения</p>
    <p class="s4s-empty-paragraph"/>
    <table width="95%" class="s4s-eq">
      <tbody>
        <tr>
          <td align="center">
            <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block">
              <mi>x</mi>
              <mo>=</mo>
              <mi>ρ</mi>
              <mi>cos</mi>
              <mspace width="mediummathspace" height="0.2em"/>
              <mi>ϕ</mi>
            </math>
          </td>
        </tr>
      </tbody>
    </table>
    <table width="95%" class="s4s-eq">
      <tbody>
        <tr>
          <td align="center">
            <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block">
              <mi>y</mi>
              <mo>=</mo>
              <mi>ρ</mi>
              <mi>sin</mi>
              <mspace width="mediummathspace" height="0.2em"/>
              <mi>ϕ</mi>
            </math>
          </td>
        </tr>
      </tbody>
    </table>
    <table width="95%" class="s4s-eq">
      <tbody>
        <tr>
          <td align="center">
            <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block">
              <mi>z</mi>
              <mo>=</mo>
              <mi>z</mi>
            </math>
          </td>
        </tr>
      </tbody>
    </table>
    <p class="s4s-noindent">и тъй като <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msup><mrow><mi>x</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><mo>+</mo><msup><mrow><mi>y</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><mo>≠</mo><mn>0</mn></math> и <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>ρ</mi><mo>=</mo><msqrt><mrow><msup><mrow><mi>x</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><mo>+</mo><msup><mrow><mi>y</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></msqrt></math> също чрез уравнението</p>
    <table width="95%" class="s4s-eq">
      <tbody>
        <tr>
          <td align="center">
            <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block">
              <mi>ϕ</mi>
              <mo>=</mo>
              <mi>arccos</mi>
              <mspace width="mediummathspace" height="0.2em"/>
              <mfrac>
                <mrow>
                  <mi>x</mi>
                </mrow>
                <mrow>
                  <msqrt>
                    <mrow>
                      <msup>
                        <mrow>
                          <mi>x</mi>
                        </mrow>
                        <mrow>
                          <mn>2</mn>
                        </mrow>
                      </msup>
                      <mo>+</mo>
                      <msup>
                        <mrow>
                          <mi>y</mi>
                        </mrow>
                        <mrow>
                          <mn>2</mn>
                        </mrow>
                      </msup>
                    </mrow>
                  </msqrt>
                </mrow>
              </mfrac>
              <mn>,</mn>
              <mspace width="2mm" height="2mm"/>
              <mi>y</mi>
              <mo>≥</mo>
              <mn>0</mn>
            </math>
          </td>
        </tr>
      </tbody>
    </table>
    <table width="95%" class="s4s-eq">
      <tbody>
        <tr>
          <td align="center">
            <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block">
              <mi>ϕ</mi>
              <mo>=</mo>
              <mn>2</mn>
              <mi>π</mi>
              <mo>−</mo>
              <mi>arccos</mi>
              <mspace width="mediummathspace" height="0.2em"/>
              <mfrac>
                <mrow>
                  <mi>x</mi>
                </mrow>
                <mrow>
                  <msqrt>
                    <mrow>
                      <msup>
                        <mrow>
                          <mi>x</mi>
                        </mrow>
                        <mrow>
                          <mn>2</mn>
                        </mrow>
                      </msup>
                      <mo>+</mo>
                      <msup>
                        <mrow>
                          <mi>y</mi>
                        </mrow>
                        <mrow>
                          <mn>2</mn>
                        </mrow>
                      </msup>
                    </mrow>
                  </msqrt>
                </mrow>
              </mfrac>
              <mn>,</mn>
              <mspace width="2mm" height="2mm"/>
              <mi>y</mi>
              <mo>&lt;</mo>
              <mn>0</mn>
            </math>
          </td>
        </tr>
      </tbody>
    </table>
    <p class="s4s-empty-paragraph"/>
    <p>Всички точки в пространството, чиято първа координата е константа, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>ρ</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>a</mi><mn>,</mn><mspace width="2mm" height="2mm"/><mi>a</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mn>0</mn></math>, са разположени върху кръгова цилиндрична повърхнина (circular cylindrical surface) с управителна линия окръжност (with the basic circle) в равнината  <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>π</mi></math>. Център на окръжността е полюсът <em>P</em>, а радиусът е равен на <em>a</em>. Образуващите линии (Surface lines) са успоредни на координатната ос <em>p</em>, която е оста на цилиндричната повърхнина.</p>
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