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    <h1 id="SECTION.d9c3f5dc-394f-4167-808f-1d0bd4c2d345">Полярна координатна система</h1>
    <p class="s4s-empty-paragraph"/>
    <p>Голям брой научни и технически приложения използват полярни координати в Евклидовото пространство за решаването на някои сложни геометрични проблеми.</p>
    <p class="s4s-empty-paragraph"/>
    <p>Нека <em>P </em>е избрана фиксирана точка в равнината. Полуоста <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mover><mrow><mi>o</mi></mrow><mo>→</mo></mover></math> с начална точка <em>P</em> и избрана посока на въртене, обратна на часовниковата стрелка, относно точка <em>P</em> в равнината, формират полярна координатна система <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>P</mi><mn>,</mn><mspace width="2mm" height="2mm"/><mover><mrow><mi>o</mi></mrow><mo>→</mo></mover><mn>,</mn><mspace width="2mm" height="2mm"/><mi>ϕ</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></math>. Точка <em>P</em> се нарича полюс - върхът на координатната система, а полуоста <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mover><mrow><mi>o</mi></mrow><mo>→</mo></mover></math> е полярната ос на полярната координатна система.</p>
    <p class="s4s-empty-paragraph"/>
    <div class="s4s-table-center">
      <table class="s4s-figure">
        <tbody>
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            <td align="center">
              <img src="coord2_bg_files/obr2.gif" alt="obr2"/>
            </td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="center" class="s4s-figure-numbered">
              <span class="s4s-figure-number">Фигура 1: </span>Полярни координати</td>
          </tr>
        </tbody>
      </table>
    </div>
    <p class="s4s-empty-paragraph"/>
    <p>Избирайки единица мярка за дължина, на всяка точка <em>M</em> в равнината може да се съпостави наредена двойка реални числа <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>M</mi><mo>=</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>ρ</mi><mn>,</mn><mspace width="mediummathspace" height="0.2em"/><mi>ϕ</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></math> с ясна геометрична интерпретация, показана на Фигура 1.</p>
    <p class="s4s-empty-paragraph"/>
    <ol>
      <li>
        <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
          <mrow>
            <mi>ρ</mi>
            <mo>=</mo>
            <mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
            <mi>P</mi>
            <mi>M</mi>
            <mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
          </mrow>
        </math> е разстоянието от точка <em>M</em> до полюса <em>P</em>,</li>
      <li>
        <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
          <mrow>
            <mi>ϕ</mi>
            <mo>=</mo>
            <mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
            <mo>∢</mo>
            <mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
            <mover>
              <mrow>
                <mi>o</mi>
              </mrow>
              <mo>→</mo>
            </mover>
            <mo>,</mo>
            <mover>
              <mrow>
                <mi>P</mi>
                <mi>M</mi>
              </mrow>
              <mo>→</mo>
            </mover>
            <mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
            <mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
          </mrow>
        </math> е големината на на ъгъла в посока, обратна на часовниковата стрелка, относно  точка   <em>P,</em> който е формиран от полярната ос   <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mover><mrow><mi>o</mi></mrow><mo>→</mo></mover></math> и полуоста <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mover><mrow><mi>P</mi><mi>M</mi></mrow><mo>→</mo></mover></math>. </li>
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    <p class="s4s-empty-paragraph"/>
    <p>Наредената двойка реални числа <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>ρ</mi><mn>,</mn><mi>ϕ</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></math> образуват полярните координати на точката, числото <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>ρ</mi></math> се нарича модул, числото  <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow><mi>ϕ</mi><mo>=</mo><mo stretchy="false">[</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>2</mn><mi>π</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow></math> или  <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow><mi>ϕ</mi><mo>=</mo><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mo>−</mo><mi>π</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>π</mi><mo stretchy="false">]</mo></mrow></math> се нарича полярен ъгъл.</p>
    <p class="s4s-empty-paragraph"/>
    <p>Нека Декартовата координатна система (<em>O</em>, <em>x</em>, <em>y</em>) и полярната координатна система <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>P</mi><mn>,</mn><mspace width="2mm" height="2mm"/><mover><mrow><mi>o</mi></mrow><mo>→</mo></mover><mn>,</mn><mspace width="2mm" height="2mm"/><mi>ϕ</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></math> са зададени в Евклидовата равнина <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msup><mi mathvariant="bold">E</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>R</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></math>. <br/> Тези две координатни системи се наричат свързани (related), ако</p>
    <p class="s4s-empty-paragraph"/>
    <ol>
      <li>
        <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
          <mi>P</mi>
          <mo>=</mo>
          <mi>O</mi>
        </math>, върховете на двете координатни системи съвпадат</li>
      <li>Полярната ос <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mover><mrow><mi>o</mi></mrow><mo>→</mo></mover></math> се слива с положителната посока на абсцисната ос  <em>x</em></li>
      <li>Обратаната на часовниковата стрелка посока на въртене се определя от завъртанаето на положителната част на абсцисата <em>x</em> на ъгъл <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow><mi>ϕ</mi><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mo>π</mo><mn>2</mn></mfrac></mrow></math>към положителната част на оста <em>y</em></li>
    </ol>
    <p class="s4s-empty-paragraph"/>
    <p>и избирането на едната координатна система определя еднозначно другата.</p>
    <p class="s4s-empty-paragraph"/>
    <div class="s4s-table-center">
      <table class="s4s-figure">
        <tbody>
          <tr>
            <td align="center">
              <img src="coord2_bg_files/obr3.gif" alt="obr3"/>
            </td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="center" class="s4s-figure-numbered">
              <span class="s4s-figure-number">Фигура 2: </span>Свързани (related) координатни системи</td>
          </tr>
        </tbody>
      </table>
    </div>
    <p class="s4s-empty-paragraph"/>
    <p class="s4s-empty-paragraph"/>
    <p>Ако <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><msub><mi>x</mi><mi>M</mi></msub><mn>,</mn><msub><mrow><mi>y</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>M</mi></mrow></msub><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow></math> са декартовите координати, а  <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>ρ</mi><mn>,</mn><mspace width="mediummathspace" height="0.2em"/><mi>ϕ</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></math> са полярните координати на точката <em>M</em>, то тяхната зависимост се изразява чрез уравненията</p>
    <table width="95%" class="s4s-eq">
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          <td align="center">
            <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block">
              <mrow>
                <msub>
                  <mi>x</mi>
                  <mi>M</mi>
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                <mo>=</mo>
                <mi>ρ</mi>
                <mi>cos</mi>
                <mspace width="mediummathspace" height="0.2em"/>
                <mi>ϕ</mi>
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            <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block">
              <mrow>
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                  <mi>y</mi>
                  <mi>M</mi>
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                <mo>=</mo>
                <mi>ρ</mi>
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                <mi>ϕ</mi>
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    <p class="s4s-noindent">и тъй като</p>
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        <tr>
          <td align="center">
            <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block">
              <msubsup>
                <mrow>
                  <mi>x</mi>
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                <mrow>
                  <mi>M</mi>
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                <mrow>
                  <mn>2</mn>
                </mrow>
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              <mo>+</mo>
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                  <mi>y</mi>
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                <mrow>
                  <mi>M</mi>
                </mrow>
                <mrow>
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              <mo>≠</mo>
              <mn>0</mn>
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        </tr>
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      <tbody>
        <tr>
          <td align="center">
            <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block">
              <mi>ρ</mi>
              <mo>=</mo>
              <msqrt>
                <mrow>
                  <msubsup>
                    <mrow>
                      <mi>x</mi>
                    </mrow>
                    <mrow>
                      <mi>M</mi>
                    </mrow>
                    <mrow>
                      <mn>2</mn>
                    </mrow>
                  </msubsup>
                  <mo>+</mo>
                  <msubsup>
                    <mrow>
                      <mi>y</mi>
                    </mrow>
                    <mrow>
                      <mi>M</mi>
                    </mrow>
                    <mrow>
                      <mn>2</mn>
                    </mrow>
                  </msubsup>
                </mrow>
              </msqrt>
            </math>
          </td>
        </tr>
      </tbody>
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    <p class="s4s-noindent">също чрез уравненията</p>
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            <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block">
              <mi>cos</mi>
              <mspace width="mediummathspace" height="0.2em"/>
              <mi>ϕ</mi>
              <mo>=</mo>
              <mfrac>
                <mrow>
                  <msub>
                    <mrow>
                      <mi>x</mi>
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                    <mrow>
                      <mi>M</mi>
                    </mrow>
                  </msub>
                </mrow>
                <mrow>
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                        <mrow>
                          <mi>M</mi>
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                        <mrow>
                          <mn>2</mn>
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                        <mrow>
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                        <mrow>
                          <mn>2</mn>
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            <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block">
              <mi>sin</mi>
              <mspace width="mediummathspace" height="0.2em"/>
              <mi>ϕ</mi>
              <mo>=</mo>
              <mfrac>
                <mrow>
                  <msub>
                    <mrow>
                      <mi>y</mi>
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                    <mrow>
                      <mi>M</mi>
                    </mrow>
                  </msub>
                </mrow>
                <mrow>
                  <msqrt>
                    <mrow>
                      <msubsup>
                        <mrow>
                          <mi>x</mi>
                        </mrow>
                        <mrow>
                          <mi>M</mi>
                        </mrow>
                        <mrow>
                          <mn>2</mn>
                        </mrow>
                      </msubsup>
                      <mo>+</mo>
                      <msubsup>
                        <mrow>
                          <mi>y</mi>
                        </mrow>
                        <mrow>
                          <mi>M</mi>
                        </mrow>
                        <mrow>
                          <mn>2</mn>
                        </mrow>
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                </mrow>
              </mfrac>
            </math>
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      </tbody>
    </table>
    <p class="s4s-noindent">Ако <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>ρ</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn></math> и следователно <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow><msub><mi>x</mi><mi>M</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><msub><mi>y</mi><mi>M</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn></mrow></math>, то полярният ъгъл не се определя чрез горните уравнения и полярните координати на точката са <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>P</mi><mo>=</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>0,</mn><mspace width="mediummathspace" height="0.2em"/><mi>ϕ</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></math>, където <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>ϕ</mi><mspace width="2mm" height="2mm"/></math>е произволно число.</p>
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